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CURRENT ISSUE: Volume 17: Number 1, Feb. 2013 

Editorial: Courtenay Young

An integrative psychotherapeutic model for the treatment of paranoid schizophrenia
Oana-Maria Popescu

Revisiting Andrew Salter: An old wine in a new bottle
Uri Wernik

A theoretical and clinical review of various countertransference algorithms found in treating the Borderline disorder of Self - The Masterson Tradition. (Part 2)
Loray Daws

Can Positive Psychotherapy Meet The Basic Principles Of Effectiveness As Outlined By Dr. Grawe? Reappraised.
Shridhar Sharma

A Case Study of Cognitive-behaviour Therapy in Iran: Treatment of Sexual Masochism along with Co-morbid Disorders in a Collectivist Society
Mohammad Khodayarifard, Alfred Pritz,  Sepideh M. Alavi & Yasamin Abedini

Positive Psychology And Neuro-Linguistic Psychotherapy Used For Working With Dysfunctional Families
Barbara Gojżewska 

Psychologia Pozytywna I Neurolingwistyczna Psychoterapia W Pracy Z Rodzinami Dysfunkcyjnymi
Barbara Gojżewska

On Psychotherapy Supervision Rising: Supervision Competencies in International Perspective
C. Edward Watkins

Book Reviews

Conference Reports

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ABSTRACTS:

An integrative psychotherapeutic model for the treatment of paranoid schizophrenia: Oana-Maria Popescu

Abstract: The paper presents a 6-step integrative psychotherapeutic treatment protocol for schizophrenia, within a theoretical framework drawing from CBT, psychodynamic approaches, transactional analysis, Ericksonian therapy and relational psychotherapy, including the use of hypnosis without formal trance induction, whilst actively implicating the therapist in the patient’s inner world. Changing sub-modalities with the use of informal hypnosis could be one of the most important aspects in treating patients with auditory hallucinations by a direct decrease of symptom intensity. The model is based on the assumption that there is a connection between the content of a previous abusive experience and the content of the psychotic symptoms – the stress-vulnerability model.
Key words: schizophrenia, integrative psychotherapy, hypnosis, therapeutic alliance, trauma

Revisiting Andrew Salter: An old wine in a new bottle: Uri Wernik

Abstract: Andrew Salter’s contribution to the current cognitive-behavioral therapies is reviewed. It is noticed that his notions regarding inhibition and disinhibition are supported by later research on temperament. His analysis in terms of the theory of evolution is also up to date. Salter’s technique of ‘feeling talk’, besides the rhetorical element, lacks means of implementation. A case study of treating an inhibited client is presented where a card game of chance is used for this purpose. The promising results are understood in terms of playfulness, paradoxical interventions and chaos theory. It is suggested that the game can be applied to many other problems in living.
Key Words: Andrew Salter, inhibition, feeling talk, chance, playfulness

A theoretical and clinical review of various countertransference algorithms found in treating the Borderline disorder of Self - The Masterson Tradition. (Part 2): Loray Daws

Abstract: The modern psychoanalytic psychotherapist has come to rely on countertransference (CT) as an invaluable source of information in the treatment of the disorders of self. Historically, classical psychoanalytic thinking seemed very aware of its presence, but generally ascribed CT to a sign of lack within the analyst and in need of re-education through further psychoanalysis. Given the initial aims of psychoanalysis as a budding science such a position may have been necessary for the establishment of procedures unaffected by the ‘undesirable’ elements of the analyst- elements that seem to hamper psychoanalysis’s almost surgical ideal. Despite the exorcism- like approach to CT its presence naturally survived and various changes in the field reclaimed its importance within the bipersonal field. Less demonized CT could finally serve as unique communicative tool – as window and mirror, reflecting back and deepening the analytic interface. The current article will attempt on focussing on a Mastersonian approach to CT as found in the treatment of the Borderline Disorder of Self (BDOS). Emphasis will be on the early writings of James F. Masterson and the later contributions of Ralph Klein and the Masterson group.
Keywords: Masterson approach, borderline disorder of self, counter-transference, withdrawing object relations unit, rewarding object relations unit, acting out, therapeutic neutrality, intrapsychic split.

Can Positive Psychotherapy Meet The Basic Principles Of Effectiveness As Outlined By Dr. Grawe? Reappraised: Shridhar Sharma

Abstract: The field of psychotherapy over the years has witnessed some very interesting developments.There is an unusual academic creativity and growth in a number of techniques practiced by Psychotherapists. Hernik (1980) reports that over 250 varieties of psychotherapies were in vogue in 1980 and in 1995, Kazdin reported over 300 types of psychotherapies. In spite of a large number of psychotherapies with varied theories and techniques all therapies have some basic elements which are common to all types of psychotherapies. For instance, all Psychotherapies are primarily centered around communication between the therapist and the patient/client.  Again, though different psychotherapies focus on different techniques, all share with each other a reliance upon common underlying factors; notably the instillation of HOPE with a goal of problem resolution leading to arousal of emotions though ventilation/catharsis and related phenomenon to help a person, having emotional problems.
The present paper aims to serve the following objectives;
·  To explain the Basic Principles underlying all psychotherapies and their relative usefulness.
·  To review Dr. Grawe’s book (1994) outlining Effective Principles of all Psychotherapies.
·  To evaluate the principles and practice of Positive Psychotherapy as developed by Peseschkian (1986, 87, 88, 1990), on the effectiveness criteria, as developed by Dr. Grawe (1990, 1994).

A Case Study of Cognitive-behaviour Therapy in Iran: Treatment of Sexual Masochism along with Co-morbid Disorders in a Collectivist Society: Mohammad Khodayarifard, Alfred Pritz, Sepideh M. Alavi & Yasamin Abedini

Abstract: The essential features of Paraphilia include recurrent, intense sexual arousal, fantasies and sexual urges or behavior involving the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner who can be children, non-consent persons and non-human objects. Sexual masochism disorder is a class of paraphilia, which causes impairment in occupational, social and personal areas of functioning. Masochism disorder may lead to server physical injuries and even death. In addition to drug therapy, research has shown that psychotherapy such as behavior therapy, cognitive therapy (CT) and cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) are effective in the treatment of sexual masochism. The purpose of the present study was to report a successful case of a 35 year-old Iranian male who suffered from his homosexual desires, sexual masochism and co-morbid disorders.
This study was a case study and employed CBT consisting of cognitive reconstruction, behavior analysis, problem solving, relaxation, self-management and positivism. The instruments used in the preset study included BID, MMPI and SCL-90-R. The measures were administrated and interpreted before treatment, after treatment and once a year after the termination of treatment as a follow-up study. The results indicated that CBT not only is an effective approach for treating sexual masochism and co-morbid disorders but also offers some skills to help the subject prevent the relapse of the disorders. The roles of cognitive reconstruction, positivism and altering the subject’s irrational and distorted beliefs about oneself, others and sexual behaviors were also discussed.
Keywords: Cross-cultural psychology; Cognitive-behavior therapy; Sexual masochism; Co-morbidity; Case study; Homosexuality; Collectivism; Paraphilia

Positive Psychology And Neuro-Linguistic Psychotherapy Used For Working With Dysfunctional Families: Barbara Gojżewska

Abstract: The environment of the so-called dysfunctional families is the addressee of psychotherapeutic services within the scope of different programmes carried out by social security institutions. In the period between September and December 2011, there was carried out a training project under the name Work With A Dysfunctional Family, whose important part was the module Procedures and Processes for Reintegration of Families. The article presents the possibility to apply the concept of positive psychology and the approach used in the neuro-linguistic psychotherapy when working with clients included in the above mentioned programmes.
The common feature of the positive psychology and neuro-linguistic psychotherapy is the focus on personal resources, personal engagement in the process of change, focus on correctly formulated target, language as a communication tool and respect for exceptional abilities of the clients. The author describes the process of reintegration of dysfunctional families which takes place under the influence of creation and strengthening of personal resources of parents of children placed in institutional care facilities.
The work with dysfunctional families was preceded by strengthening of the therapists' resources. Strong professional support of a group of persons working with dysfunctional families during supervision resulted in the improvement of the contacts between the personnel and the families involved.
Key words: neuro-linguistic psychotherapy, positive psychology, dysfunctional family, child in institutional care
This article is also published in its Polish mother-tongue.

On Psychotherapy Supervision Rising: Supervision Competencies in International Perspective: C. Edward Watkins

Abstract: In stimulating the development and enhancement of effective psychotherapy skills, the reach and relevance of psychotherapy supervision are being recognized internationally as never before, and some competency-based supervision efforts -- which potentially have blueprint implications globally for supervision practice -- have been set in place. In this brief report, I identify six fundamental areas of psychotherapy supervision competence that appear to now be considered crucial in many corners of the world: (a) knowledge about / understanding of supervision models, methods, and intervention; (b) knowledge about/skill in attending to matters of ethical, legal, and professional concern; (c) knowledge about/skill in managing supervision relationship processes; (d) knowledge about/skill in conducting supervisory assessment and evaluation; (e) knowledge about/skill in fostering attention to difference and diversity; and (f) openness to/utilization of a self-reflective, self-assessment stance in supervision. These six areas seemingly now provide an organisational net that can be used to: (a) structure families of competencies for training purposes; and (b) frame supervision competency discussions worldwide.  
Key words: Psychotherapy supervision, supervision competence, international perspective, supervision practice, supervision education

Book Reviews:

'Freud on Coke’ by David Cohen: Courtenay Young

'Psychische Erkrankungen in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit' by Anita Riecher-Rössler: Götz Egloff

OTHER SUBMITTED ARTICLES: in the process of being reviewed and prepared for publication in:  

Volume 17, Number 2, July 2013  &/or  Volume 17, Number 3, Nov. 2013

These future issues will be complied from this marvelous selection of already submitted articles. If you would particularly like to review one of these articles, please contact us here.

(Please click on the title to see the abstract of the article)

Therapeutic Communities for Psychosis in Europe

Psychotherapist effectiveness and professional competence not affected by their graduate studies profile – preliminary results.

Introductory note: On the history of psychotherapy in Italy

Patients' Needs and Psychotherapy Integration

Beyond Causal Science Towards A Finalistic-Energetic Model Of Bio-Dynamic Integration

An EAP Project to Establish The Professional Competencies of a European Psychotherapist:      

Metaphors and metaphors

Growth Oriented Therapy In The Treatment Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Of A Child

Scientific Research: Prospective study on the implications of psychological factors in triggering breast cancer

The Return of the Therapeut: R.D. Laing and the Psychotherapy

Flooding and Desensitization in Treating OCD: A Case Study

What Matters in Psychotherapy Supervision? Some Crucial Features of International Import

Incorporating Evidence-Based Practices into Psychotherapy Training in Clinical Psychology Ph.D. Programs in the United States

Bonding Psychotherapy: an effective group psychotherapy method to improve dysfunctional attachment styles

What can psychotherapy do? Psychotherapy paradigms and sexual orientation

Alexithymia and Emotional Processing as Phenomena pertinent to all Theoretical Orientations

Why do we fail to adapt to a different culture? A development of a therapeutic approach

Psychological suffering: What is illness?

Reflections about the perception of therapeutic environment in clients and therapists: the importance of the 5^th session

Ultra-Orthodox Rabbis’ Views of Psychotherapy

'Sin Eaters': Psychodynamic Reflections on the Burning Mouth Syndrome

Heroic Client & Masterful Therapists: The Meeting of Client-Directed, Outcome-Informed Therapy and NLP Change Work

Book Reviews

Conference Reports

ABSTRACTS:

Therapeutic Communities for Psychosis in Europe

Abstract: In this article, I bring my personal experience of working in a therapeutic community in London, Highams Lodge, part of the Community Housing and Therapy charitable trust, and I link it with other way of working with people with psychosis in Europe. I make a connection between the psychosis and the failure in the development process of growth in the child, and emphasise the importance of working with the families and the use of cognitive programs.
Key Words: Embodied Awareness, Mindfulness, Bioenergetic Analysis, Self Regulation, Interactive Regulation

Psychotherapist effectiveness and professional competence not affected by their graduate studies profile – preliminary results:

Abstract: Psychotherapists vary in terms of effectiveness and competence, but there has been little research to explore the psychotherapist features which actually contribute to his/her effectiveness and competence. A common opinion prevails both among the professional community and non-professionals that the profile of psychotherapist graduate studies is one of crucial factors. A research has been conducted to verify the assumption that psychotherapists who graduated medical, psychological or pedagogy studies are more effective and competent than other graduates of the humanities or natural sciences.
This article will also be published in its Polish mother-tongue.

What Matters in Psychotherapy Supervision? Some Crucial Features of International Import

Abstract: In this paper, I consider the question: What matters in psychotherapy supervision? Drawing on the ever-expanding body of clinical and empirical supervision literature, I provide a snapshot summary that identifies: (a) ten guiding, abiding supervisor convictions that appear to be fundamental and foundational for good supervision practice; and (b) four features that have come to be regarded as particularly important for creating an optimal supervision space.Whatever the country, culture, race/ethnicity, or other differentiating characteristics of supervisor and supervisee, those ten convictions and four features appear to reign supreme in making supervision count. 
Key words: psychotherapy supervision, supervision alliance, supervision convictions, supervision, competence, diversity

Introductory note: On the history of psychotherapy in Italy

Abstract: Currently no abstract is available.
This article is also published in its Italian mother-tongue.

An EAP Project to Establish the Professional Competencies of a European Psychotherapist

Abstract: This article describes the need for, and the development of, a set of professional competencies that are needed for an independent profession of psychotherapy in Europe, for the concept of the free movement of professionals across European countries and particularly to differentiate between the work of a psychotherapist and the overlapping professional work of clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors.
Keywords: Core, specific and specialist competencies

Growth Oriented Therapy In The Treatment Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Of A Child

Abstract: Around the age of 7 to 12 years obsessive-compulsive disorder is diagnosed when children feel concerned about fitting in with their friends; discomfort and distress brought on by OCD often make them feel scared, out of control and alone. A 12-year old male child was brought in by his parents. The patient was assessed using Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (both child and parents report). The patient was treated using growth-oriented therapies; humming therapy and non-verbal expressive therapy and attitudinal changes towards sex and life, sex education was also given to him. Parents were also treated using same method because one of the parents had significant OCD features. The child became better and all the symptoms decreased gradually. Follow-up was done around two years later and both the child and parents were reassessed on the same variables. Results reveal very significant improvement in both child and parent.
Keywords: Growth Oriented therapy, humming, non-verbal expressive therapy.

Scientific Research: Prospective study on the implications of psychological factors in triggering breast cancer

Abstract: Researchers have identified things that can increase the risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of the genetic makeup and environment.It is appreciated that about  5-10% of adults cancers are due to genetic causes. Genetic predisposition is responsible for approximately 10% of breast cancers and for 5-10% of breast neoplasma, according to various authors.The strategies based on the inhibition of cancer breast cell initiation suffers of lack of information regarding critical initiation factors  of breast carcino-genesis and difficulty to identify the moment of exposures.
Because the transition tumour process, including the promotion, is having  place on a long time period , there is a large opening of the opportune-nesses for  the successfully application of the strategies intended towards this, comparing to the strategies which prevent the initiation.
Counselling in the diagnosis crises moment, of a crucial meaning, could have good results regarding the development of this crises moment, even potential psychotherapeutical effects beyond this event limits. Studies show that during the diagnosis phase, the communication quality with the environment influences decisively the mental state of the breast cancer patients. The conservatory intervention management necessitates the cooperation  between various professionals. Recuperation actions for the breast cancer patients have as an object the improving of life quality during the survival period.
Breast cancer patients survival is a process of life cycle progress, beginning from the diagnosis and so on, on the whole following period, copping with the cancer stress.
Keywords: cancer; genetic predisposition; risk factors;endocrine glands factors;prevention; intervention; recuperation

Introductory note: The Return of the Therapeut: R.D. Laing and the Psychotherapist

Abstract: Currently there is no Abstract & Keywords

Patient’s needs and psychotherapy integration

Abstract: Patient’s needs are a very important issue in psychotherapy and may lead to a specific therapeutic strategy. Some psychotherapeutic approaches are at risk to underestimate that, emphasizing techniques or theoretical framework. Prof. Zapparoli proposed a brief, focal and integrated psychotherapeutic approach that is founded on patient’s need and is summarized in this article.
Keywords: Currently there are no keywords.

Flooding and Desensitization in Treating OCD: A Case Study

Abstract: In the treatment of phobias and OCD, live exposure (in vivo) to the phobic stimulus is the most essential and effective intervention and may be performed in several ways-either by flooding or systematic desensitization. Whether counter-conditioning (systematic desensitization) or extinction (flooding) is the most effective treatment intervention would depend on the type of patient and the disorder to be treated. An alternate suggestion is to expose the phobic patient to the two aforementioned treatment interventions in the treatment sessions by co-therapists working in tandem. Below is presented the brief successful treatment of a woman who suffered from a severe obsessive-compulsive disorder using the above approach.
Key Words: Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Dialectical Co-therapy, Flooding, Desensitization.

Beyond Causal Science Towards A Finalistic-Energetic Model Of Bio-Dynamic Integration

Abstract: The idea of life force, the energy that maintains every living organism healthy, the ancient vis medicatrix naturae, also present in the mineral world although in different form, is still considered ‘quaint’ by many in the field of medical science as well as by lay people. I am going beyond the fact that throughout history man has owned and used this life force, this primary universal and subtle energy (in the ancient medicine of all times and places), for hunting, healing, orientation and survival in rough and difficult areas and that this has enabled his evolution.
Keywords: Currently there are no keywords.

Incorporating Evidence-Based Practices into Psychotherapy Training in Clinical Psychology Ph.D. Programs in the United States

Abstract: The movement towards training and practicing empirically supported treatments (ESTs) has stirred significant controversy within the field of psychology.  Considering the powerful influence that clinical psychology training programs have in shaping their students’ theoretical orientations, career pursuits, and attitudes toward the science-practice divide, there has been little research on how these programs have been responding to the evidence-based practice movement.  This study investigates whether training programs’ geographic region and level of research emphasis were associated with offering gold-standard training (i.e., both didactic course and supervised practicum) in ESTs.  Associations between a program’s perceived obstacles and advantages to the incorporation of ESTs and their likelihood of offering gold-standard training were also assessed.  Contrary to our hypothesis, results showed no association between research emphasis and the incorporation of ESTs into training.  Programs in the Northeast and West offered the gold standard training in a greater number of ESTs than did schools in the South and Midwest.  Programs in the Northeast and the South were more research-oriented than programs in the Midwest.  Implications for future research and limitations are discussed.
Key words: evidence-based practice; empirically supported treatments; psychotherapy training; clinical psychology Ph.D. programs

Bonding Psychotherapy: an effective group psychotherapy method to improve dysfunctional attachment styles

Abstract: Bonding Psychotherapy is an intensive form of group therapy. The theory, method and the research results of Bonding Psychotherapy are described in this article. Bonding is the process of becoming emotionally open and physically close to another person. Exercises with other group members help to experience and fulfil the need for bonding.
During these exercises intense emotions surface that are linked to past painful experiences. With the described method, trust in others is increased and negative attitudes concerning oneself in relation to others become more positive. These are emotionally corrective experiences.
The ultimate goal of Bonding Psychotherapy is to increase the ability to fulfil the bio-social basic needs, to enter into positive relationships and to enjoy life. In order to maintain valuable relationships, a secure form of attachment is needed. This can be achieved by learning to experience closeness in the group as safe and to change dysfunctional attitudes about one self in relation to others into positive attitudes.
An overview of the research results is given and these are surprisingly good.
Keywords: Currently there are no keywords.

What can psychotherapy do? Psychotherapy paradigms and sexual orientation

Abstract: Homosexuality and same-sex attraction have vexed the psychotherapy field throughout its history and continue to draw controversy in the 21st century. Debates and arguments about the mental health of gay, lesbian and bisexual people mirrored and dwelled within the tremendous tensions that exist in society around this subject. The author examines the troubled relationship of psychotherapy theory and practice with gender and sexual orientation. Psychotherapy ideas, while revolutionizing the understanding of human functioning in the 20th century, blindly incorporated many common western cultural values but also a Christian-Judaic premise that procreative sex was normative. The ensuing conjecture of hetero-normativity created a conceptual bias about homosexuality's supposed pathological nature and left psychotherapy with a toxic legacy.
Keywords: Currently there are no keywords.

Alexithymia and Emotional Processing as Phenomena pertinent to all Theoretical Orientations

Abstract: In this article we propose that the characteristics associated with the concept of alexithymia reflect deficits in emotional processing. These deficits include difficulties with emotional regulation as well as emotional awareness, experiencing, and the expression and differentiation of emotional experience. We propose that the analyses of specific processes underlying alexithymia may highlight a more adequate therapeutic approach.
Keywords: Alexithymia, Emotional Processing, Emotional Differentiation, Emotional Regulation.

Why do we fail to adapt to a different culture? A development of a therapeutic approach

Abstract: The aim of this study is to bring more understanding to the problems immigrants face and develop a therapeutic approach based on positive psychotherapy (PP). Three groups of immigrants are formed based on the reason people migrate: work, contact, future. By the means of qualitative analysis the problematic of the groups is highlighted. The developed therapeutic approach is presented by going through the process of psychological intervention and discuss the psychodynamic of the problems and most often used PP tools. This includes the following therapy steps: observation, inventory, situational encouragement, verbalisation, and broadening of the goals. The results show both similarities and differences between the groups. In 75% of the cases the duration of the therapy was reaching 23 sessions. In 66.7% of the cases the symptoms disappeared completely and the rest of the cases, they diminished dramatically.
Due to the fact that positive psychotherapy (PP) presents a trans-cultural framework in which different methods can work and cooperate together, the research presented in this paper is of  interest to psychotherapists, counsellors, and psychiatrists regardless of their psychotherapy training. Furthermore, some ideas on application for prevention purposes are presented.
Keywords: positive psychotherapy, trans-cultural adaptation problems, qualitative

Psychological suffering: What is illness?

Abstract: The new edition of the manual for mental disorders (DSM-V) will arrive in 2013.  It categorizes psychological suffering and influences what kind of behavior is considered sick.  Alfred Pritz, rector of the Sigmund-Freud-Private-University Vienna describes, the border between “normality” and “illness” in an interview with Aaron Salzer, from science.ORF.at

Reflections about the perception of therapeutic environment in clients and therapists: the importance of the 5^th session

Abstract: The present exploratory study intended to investigate: a)whether therapist’s and client’s perceptions of the therapeutic environment change throughout the therapy, b) if there is a relationship between the therapist’s and the client’s perceptions of the therapeutic environment and how they are related throughout the therapeutic process, c) if there is a relationship between how the client perceive the therapeutic environment and the measures of CORE-OM, andd) if there are significant differences between the group of clients who drop-out from therapy and those who continue, in what concerns their perceptions of the therapeutic environment. To achieve these proposes,thirty-nine dyads of therapists and clients from the Northern Region of Portugal, have participated in this study. The Modified Health Care Climate Questionnaire and The CORE-OM were usedin four moments of therapy, more specifically in 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 8^th session. No significant differences were found regarding clients’ and therapists’ perceptions of the therapeutic environment across the different sessions. Likewise, there were no significant correlations between how therapist’s and client’s perceive the therapeutic environment throughout the therapeutic process. However, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between how the clients perceive the therapeutic environment and their subjective well-being in 5^th session (assessed by CORE-OM), suggesting that 5^th session seems to be an important moment in therapy   Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the group of clients who drop-out from therapy and those who continue, relating to their perceptions of the therapeutic environment.
Keywords: Therapeutic environment, autonomy support, dyads, psychotherapy

Ultra-Orthodox Rabbis' Views of Psychotherapy

Abstract: The attitude of ultra-orthodox (haredi) rabbis toward mental health practitioners and psychological treatment varies from outright hostility and distrust to respect and cooperation. This brief paper presents the “therapist-friendly” views and attitudes of prominent contemporary ultra-orthodox rabbis and encourages greater understanding, communication and cooperation between clergymen and clinicians. The paper also presents several charming anecdotes of the effective, creative, one-time interventions  of sages in providing psychological aid to distressed people in need of help.
Key Words: Ultra-orthodox, haredi, psychotherapy, therapist-friendly.

'Sin Eaters: Psychodynamic Reflections on the Burning Mouth Syndrome

Abstract: The Burning Mouth syndrome has remained an elusive psychosomatic disorder characterized by persistent oral pain usually evoked in late adulthood by various psychological strains. Depressive masochistic in nature BMS patient struggle with the intrapsychic consequences of a failed separation-individuation process due to the internalization of a seraph-like maternal imago. The internalization of such an object ensures either dependent or counter-dependent adaptations that actively work against the articulation of an autonomous and spontaneous self. BMS patients are thus left struggling with an ‘abandonment depression’ throughout life.
Keywords: Burning Mouth Syndrome, Sin eaters, psychosomatic, character structure, depressive masochistic, abandonment depression, Rorschach.

Heroic Clients & Masterful Therapists: The Meeting of Client-directed, Outcome-Informed Therapy and NLP Change Work

Abstract: This paper discusses how integrating Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Therapy practices into a client-directed, outcome-informed (CDIO) therapy framework best ensures the NLP model for therapy aligns with factors known to contribute to good clinical outcomes. Further the paper explores the elements of a client-directed approach that includes enhancing common factors, using the client’s theory of change to guide intervention, where the client is on the cycle of change with regard to motivation and readiness for therapy and seeking explicit client feedback on a session to session basis. Pertinent to the whole discussion is the suggestion that NLP Practitioners better recognise the client as the greatest contributor to good outcomes and become more client focused and less technique driven. Such a reorientation helps us privilege the Heroic Client alongside our ideas of the Masterful Therapist.
Key Words: NLP Therapy, Client-directed, Client’s Theory of Change, Common Factors